Baju Rantai

The Baju Rantai (also known as Badjoe-Rante, Baju Besi, Baju Rante, Wadjoe-Rante, and Waju Rante) is a type of armor from Nusantara archipelago (Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, and Philippines).

Etymology

The name originates from old Javanese words, baju comes from waju meaning jacket, clothing or apparel,^[1]^: 2174 meanwhile rantai comes from rante, rantay, or ranti which mean chain, string, or wreath.^[1]^: 1504

Description

The Baju Rantai is a chain armor that is worked in the form of a shirt. It consists of small iron rings. It has no collar and sleeves that reach about to the elbow. The lower end is approximately at the height of the thighs. It is used by various ethnic groups in Indonesia.^[2]

History

One of the earliest mentions of Baju Rantai is in a Balinese inscription of Tamblingan, recorded as baju besi. The Tamblingan Pura Endek I Lempeng Besar I inscription records the existence of armor makers in Bali. This inscription is thought to have originated from the year 844 Saka (922 AD). The contents of the inscription were:

...thani anteken ya parmasan ulih juru pande, apan khu tumkap baju besi.
...they are not subject to parmasan fees by the master smiths (juru pande) because they make armor (baju besi).

This indicated that the Tamblingan people are not subjected to a parmasan fee by the master smiths because they make baju besi armor.^[3]^: 12

The Kidung Panji Wijayakrama-Rangga Lawe, a javanese kidung text that tells about the rebellion of Rangga Lawe against Majapahit in 1295 A.D. mentioned waju rante, which means apparel consisting of iron chains. Zoetmulder noted the use of special apparel for soldiers: In his research about old Javanese he found a troops called bala winaju gangsa ranti,^[4]^: 1370 which means soldier dressed with gangsa ranti. Gangsa (from sanskrit: kangśa) refers to a kind of copper and lead alloy,^[4]^: 275 while ranti means chain.^[4]^: 919

The Hikayat Banjar noted the Bhayangkara equipments in the Majapahit palace, which includes:

Maka kaluar dangan parhiasannya orang barbaju-rantai ampat puluh sarta padangnya barkupiah taranggos sakhlat merah, orang mambawa astenggar ampat puluh, orang mambawa parisai sarta padangnya ampat puluh, orang mambawa dadap sarta sodoknya sapuluh, orang mambawa panah sarta anaknya sapuluh, yang mambawa tumbak parampukan barsulam amas ampat puluh, yang mambawa tameng Bali bartulis air mas ampat puluh.
So came out with their ornaments men with chain mail numbered forty alongside their swords and red kopiah [skull cap], men carrying astengger [arquebus] numbered forty, men carrying shield and swords numbered forty, men carrying dadap [a type of shield]^[i] and sodok [broad-bladed spear-like weapon]^[ii] numbered ten, men carrying bows and arrows numbered ten, (men) who carried parampukan spears^[iii] embroidered with gold numbered forty, (men) who carried Balinese shields with golden water engraving numbered forty.
— Hikayat Banjar, 6.3^[10]^{: Line 1209–1214}^[11]^{: 204–205}

Two related ethnic communities of South Sulawesi, the Bugis and Makassarese, also adopted chain mail armor which they call as waju rante or waju ronte. The armor is made by string of iron rings tied together, which makes it similar to knitwork.^[12]^: 39 The Bugis and Makassarese soldiers were known for using chain mail and muskets which they made themselves.^[13]^: 431

In the 17th century, Javanese cavalry is commonly equipped with chain mail armor, for example in 1678 Captain Tack met 240 horsemen who all wore armor, who were lancers with chainmail. Trunajaya cavalry was composed of about 150 men armed with lances and most of them wore chain mails. Bantenese royal vessels are noted to have rowers wearing chain mail.^[14]^: 127

Notes

^ Dadap has 2 meanings: In Indonesian language, it refers to round shield made of leather or rattan,^[5] while in old Javanese it refers to a long, narrow parrying shield.^[6] Dadap in Java seems to refer to a long shield which is quite heavy, probably with protruding ends.^[7]
^ For the meaning of sodok, see^[8]
^ Rampuk likely derived from Old Javanese rampog and ngrampog, which means "to attack in great numbers". Old Javanese watang parampogan means a pike used in the parampogan, that is, tiger spearing (rampokan macan).^[9]

References

^ ^a ^b Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). Old Javanese-English dictionary. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 9024761786.
^ Albert G. van Zonneveld: Traditional weapons of the Indonesian archipelago. C. Zwartenkot Art Books, Leiden 2001, ISBN 90-5450-004-2, p. 28.
^ Bagus, A.A. Gde (2013). "Perkembangan Peradaban di Kawasan Situs Tamblingan" (PDF). Forum Arkeologi. 26 (1): 1–16.
^ ^a ^b ^c Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1995). Kamus Jawa Kuno – Indonesia. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
^ See the meaning of dadap in Departemen Pendidikan Nasional (2008). Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia Pusat Bahasa Edisi Keempat. Jakarta: PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Can be accessed online at https://kbbi.kemdikbud.go.id/entri/dadap
^ Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). Old Javanese-English dictionary. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 345.
^ Jákl, Jiří (2014). Literary Representations of War and Warfare in Old Javanese Kakawin Poetry (PhD thesis). The University of Queensland. pp. 77–78.
^ Gardner, Gerald Brosseau (1936). Keris and Other Malay Weapons. Singapore: Progressive Publishing Company. p. 85.
^ Zoetmulder, Petrus Josephus (1982). Old Javanese-English dictionary. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. p. 1499.
^ Ras, Johannes Jacobus, 1968, Hikayat Bandjar. A Study in Malay Historiography. The Hague (Bibliotheca Indonesica, 1)
^ Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2011). Majapahit Peradaban Maritim. Suluh Nuswantara Bakti. ISBN 978-602-9346-00-8.
^ Hamid, Pananrangi (1990). Senjata Tradisional Daerah Sulawesi Selatan. Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan.
^ Tarling, Nicholas, ed. (1992). The Cambridge History of Southeast Asia: Volume One, From Early Times to c. 1800. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521355052.
^ Schrieke, Bertram Johannes Otto (1957). Indonesian Sociological Studies, Selected Writings of B. Schrieke Part Two: Ruler and Realm in Early Java. Vol. 3. The Hague: W. van Hoeve.